JORGE AMADO

JORGE AMADO



Jorge Amado Brezilyalı romancı (Pirangi, Bahia 1912). Başlangıçta kakao tarım işletmeleri sahipleri döneminde Bahia'daki yaşamı işleyen, toplumsal yergili romanlar yazdı. Daha sonra lirik, düşünce ve mizah yüklü bir üslupla kaleme aldığı Dona Flor e Seus Dois Maridos (Dona Flor ve İki Kocası, 1966) gibi romanlarıyla ün kazandı.Amado, 2001’de Brezilya’nın Salvador kentinde öldü.

Jorge Amado de Faria (August 10, 1912 – August 6, 2001) was a Brazilian writer of the Modernist school. He was the best-known of modern Brazilian writers, his work having been translated into some 49 languages and popularized in film, notably Dona Flor and her Two Husbands (Dona Flor e Seus Dois Maridos) in 1978. His work dealt largely with the poor urban black and mulatto communities of Bahia.



Biography
Amado was born in a fazenda ("farm") in the inland of the city of Itabuna, in the southern part of the Brazilian state of Bahia, son of João Amado de Faria and D. Eulália Leal. The farm Amado was born in was precisely located on the village of Ferradas, which though today is a district of Itabuna, at the time was administered by the town of Ilhéus. That is why he considered himself a citizen of Ilhéus. In the large cocoa plantation, Amado knew the misery and the struggles of the people working the earth, living in almost slave conditions, which were to be a theme always present in his later works (for example, the notable Terras do Sem Fim of 1944).

When he was only one year old the family moved to Ilhéus, a coastal city, where he spent his childhood. He attended high school in Salvador, the capital of the state. During that period Amado began to collaborate with several magazines and took part in literary life, as one of the founders of the Modernist "Rebels' Academy".

Amado published his first novel, O País do Carnaval, in 1931, at age 18. Later he married Matilde Garcia Rosa and had a daughter, Lila, in 1933. The same year he published his second novel, Cacau, which increased his popularity. Amado's leftist activities made his life difficult under the dictatorial regime of Getulio Vargas: in 1935 he was arrested for the first time, and two years later his books were publicly burned. His works were banned from Portugal, but in the rest of Europe he gained great popularity with the publication of Jubiabá in France. The book had enthusiastic reviews, including that of Nobel Prize Award winner Albert Camus.

In the early 1940s, Amado edited the nazist political newspaper "Meio-Dia". Being a communist militant, from 1941 to 1942 Amado was compelled to go into exile to Argentina and Uruguay. When he returned to Brazil he separated from Matilde Garcia Rosa. In 1945 he was elected to the National Constituent Assembly, as a representative of the Brazilian Communist Party (PCB) (he received more votes than any other candidate in the state of São Paulo). He signed a law granting freedom of religious faith. The same year he remarried, this time to the writer Zélia Gattai.

In 1947 he had a son, João Jorge. The same year his party was declared illegal, and its members arrested and persecuted. Amado chose exile once again, this time in France, where he remained until he was expelled in 1950. His first daughter, Lila, had died in 1949. From 1950 to 1952 Amado lived in Czechoslovakia, where another daughter, Paloma, was born. He also travelled to the Soviet Union, winning the Stalin Peace Prize in 1951.

On his return to Brazil in 1955, Amado abandoned active political life, leaving the Communist Party one year later. From that period on he dedicated himself solely to literature. His second creative phase began in 1958 with Gabriela, Cravo e Canela, which was described by Jean-Paul Sartre as "the best example of a folk novel." Amado abandoned, in part, the realism and the social themes of his early works, producing a series of novels focusing mainly on feminine characters, devoted to a kind of smiling celebration of the traditions and the beauties of Bahia. His depiction of the sexual customs of his land was scandalous to much of 1950s Brazilian society and for several years Amado could not even enter Ilhéus, where the novel was set, due to threats received for the alleged offense to the morality of the city's women.

On April 6, 1961 he was elected to the Brazilian Academy of Literature. He received the title of Doctor honoris causa from several Universities in Brazil, Portugal, Italy, Israel and France, as well as other honors in almost every South American country, including Obá de Xangô (santoon) of the Candomblé, the traditional Afro-Brazilian religion of Bahia.

Amado's popularity as a writer never decreased. His books were translated into 49 languages in 55 countries, were adapted into films, theatrical works, and TV programs. They even inspired some samba schools of the Brazilian Carnival.

In 1987, the House of Jorge Amado Foundation was created, in Salvador. It promotes the protection of Amado's estate and the development of culture in Bahia. The recently renovated building on the Pelourinho in Salvador contains a small museum and wall panels with the covers of international editions of his books.

Amado died on August 6, 2001. His ashes were spread in the garden of his house four days later.

Works
O País do Carnaval (1931)
Cacau (Cacao, 1933)
Suor (1934)
Jubiabá (1935)
Mar Morto (Sea of Death, 1936)
Capitães da Areia (Captains of the Sand, 1937)
Vida de Luis Carlos Prestes (The Life of Luis Carlos Prestes,1942) also published as "The Knight of Hope")
Terras do Sem Fim (The Violent Land, 1943)
São Jorge dos Ilhéus (1944)
Seara Vermelha (1946)
Os Subterrâneos da Liberdade (1954)
Gabriela, Cravo e Canela (Gabriela, Clove and Cinnamon, 1958)
A Morte e a Morte de Quincas Berro Dágua (The Two Deaths of Quincas Wateryell, 1959)
Os Velhos Marinheiros ou o Capitão de Longo Curso (Home Is the Sailor, 1961)
Os Pastores da Noite (Shepherds of the Night, 1964)
Dona Flor e Seus Dois Maridos (Dona Flor and Her Two Husbands, 1966)
Tenda dos Milagres (Tent of Miracles, 1969)
Teresa Batista Cansada da Guerra (Tereza Batista: Home from the Wars, 1972)
Tieta do Agreste (Tieta, the Goat Girl, 1977)
Farda Fardão Camisola de Dormir (Pen, Sword and Camisole, 1979)
Tocaia Grande (Showdown, 1984)
O Sumiço da Santa (The War of the Saints, 1988)
A Descoberta da América pelos Turcos (How the Turks Discovered America, 1994)
Navegação de Cabotagem (1992)
O Compadre de Ogum (Companion of the God Ogum, 1995)